The+Victorian+Age

=THE VICTORIAN AGE=
 * The first industrial revolution started in England in the late 18th century. Queen Victoria has reigned during this period. That why, this period is called the Victorian age, when the England, at this time, was the first economic power in the world. **[|**Queen Victoria**]** 's reign from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. **

The Industrial Revolution has begun in the late 18th century.first Industrial Revolution = new source of energy: charcoal. + steam engine invented by James Watt.From the 1850s England has the control of the global economy Industries:, construction, iron, steel, textiles Industrialization= urbanization+ communication network Champion of free trade = Big empire = lot of colonization in the world = best merchant fleet pounds = Best importation, exportation= world econonomy The Industrial Revolution grew during Victoria's reign because of the **power of steam and the growth of train **. Victorian engineers developed bigger, faster and more powerful machines that could run whole factories. This led to a massive increase in the number of factories (particularly in textile factories or mills). By 1870, over 100,000 steam engines were at work throughout Britain.
 * Industrialization **

The industry depended on steam and steam depended on coal. The number of coalfields doubled between 1851 and 1881. The Age of Steel Britain becomes wealthy but ... Despite the growing wealth due to trade and commerce, many of the working people, who actually produced the wealth, lived, worked and died in very poor conditions.
 * 1856 ** - Henry Bessemer invented a method for converting iron into steel quickly. Ships, bridges and building could now be bigger.

Colonies british Import from/ Export to in 1880-1889 and in 1910-1914 England exchange with the world <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The United States, Germania, Australia NZ. and France are the largest importers and exporters but in 1910- 1914 exchange rate fall.

In 1900, 80% of the Britain population lived in cities.
 * From Country to City **



The poor live in the ghettos. <span style="color: #00b050; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Commentaire The cities were overcrowded (overpopulated). In Great-Britain there was a lot of pollution. And some old diseases came back (like the cholera) ! In 1837, Britain was still a rural nation with 80% of the population living in the countryside. New machines were invented that could do these jobs in a fraction of the time. This left many people out of work, so they flocked to the towns in search of jobs in new industries. By the middle of the nineteenth century over 50% of the population lived in towns and cities. Before 1834, poor people were looked after by buying food and clothing from money collected from land owners and other wealthy people.

more information about the negative consequences on the Industrial revolution and the poor http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/victorians/industrialrevolution.html http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/victorians/poor.html

information about "workhouses" http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/victorians/workhouses.html

The Victorian created astonishing innovation and change: - Democracy more information Reform Acts: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act 1838 - à movement emerged and demanded the right vote for all -The numbers of voters = 435,000to 5.6 million ( men only)
 * The Victorian Legacy **

- Feminism information Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom Inequalities Men/women Women of the mid-19 century had to obey men because in most cases men held all the ressources and women had no independent means of subsistence. Girls received less education than boys, They were barred from universities. Women’s sole purpose was to marry and reproduce. And everything they owned, inherited and earned automatically belonged to their husband. Also, only their husband could persecute if an offence was commited against their wife. Rights to the women personally ,that is access to her body were his. Into the marriage ceremony was a vow to obey her husband wich every women swear. []

In 1872 began women’s suffrage in the United Kingdom. Until 1832 women were not prohibited from voting in the United Kingdom. In 1881 in Bristol women’s operated independently from the male groups.Women’s political party groups were not formed with the aim to achieve women’s suffrage. They did have two key effects. Afterwards, a politic party shake up __: the Women’s Liberal Federation__ and women’s became more active when they came under the control of the WLAs. - Unionization of workers more information

working people - à had no working right -1850's - à skilled workers formed porwerful unions -1880's - à dockers on the strike to better working conditions, and school compulsory until the age of 13.

-1868 : The Trade Union Congress is formed from the British industrial centres.

-1871 :The legal status of trade unions is closed by the Trade Union Act.

-1888 : 5% of workers joined the unions among them a majority of skilled workers.

-1889 :

-1899 :

-1900 :

-1906 :




 * 1868: the British industrial centres formed the Trade Union Congress
 * 1871: closing of the legal status of trade unions by the trade union act
 * 1888: 5% of workers join the unions among them a majority of skilled workers.
 * 1889: 10000 dockers made a strike which became an important moment in the history.
 * 1900: the trade union congress decided to create a group to represent the Labour.
 * 1906: the LRC became the Labour party.

- Socialism

- Marxism - And other modern movements took from examples?


 * Child Labour **

At Victoria’s reign, as young as 5, most poor children had to earn a living. Works = coal mines, cotton mills,… Orphans and homeless = employers. 1842 : all children died at 5. I do not understand this idea Throughout Victoria’s reign, new laws were passed to protect children : - 1842 : The Mines Act banned children under 10 from working in mines. - 1868 : no child under 8 can work in farm work. - 1870 : School compulsory for all children. - 1890 : Free education for all children.

Chercher des informations sur les conditions de vie des enfants http://learnonline.splinder.com/post/19590346/children-in-the-victorian-age http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/victorians/children/working.htm

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